Indo Burma Border
1942 – The story of Jamadar Gopala Krishna Warrier
I did not believe that there existed any book in the history
of this world, so dedicated to a simple Malayali soldier, but I was wrong, for
there is one as the author states prominently on its first page. My heart
swelled when I saw that his English officer had written it proudly and
prominently and quite rightly I guessed that both the writer and the dead men
must have been buddies. What made this man who by hereditary profession should
have been stringing garlands or doing some such work in a temple, march against
the Japanese at the remote jungles bordering Assam and Burma? What happened to
him? Would you not like to find out? If so read on…
Maj David Atkins, his officer wrote thus, in dedication:
Dedicated to the
memory of Jemadar Mohan Singh (a Sikh) and Jemadar Gopalkrishna Warrier (a
Malayali) who died building the Tiddim Track on 24th December 1942 and 14th
January 1943 respectively.
Gopala Krishna Warrier was a dark skinned, buck toothed,
short man from Travancore as described by his superior officer. He was a jamadar,
meaning in the British Indian Army, that it was the lowest rank for a Viceroy's
commissioned officer commanding platoons or troops themselves or assisted their
British commander. It was later renamed as Naib Subedar in the JCO or junior
commissioned officer category. He hailed from E Kalalda, Quilon and was in charge
of a group of transport soldiers doing back breaking work of driving a number
of Ford 3 tonners from Canada, ferrying goods and supplies, part of the 309
GPTC, during the buildup of Dimapur in the preparation for a war with the
Japanese at the Indian borders in Assam.
Today you have so many youngsters from Assam working in Kerala,
but this was a time when it was just the reverse. A time when the allied wanted
to desperately shore up the border from the marauding Japanese, who had managed
to get Singapore to capitulate, taken Burma and driven the British and all the
Indian working class out of Burma and across the mountains back into India. Now
they were digging their heels in Rangoon and planning the next steps with India.
On the Western front, the Axis powers led by Germany were chalking up many a
victory and were poised at the gates of Leningrad. In the East, Japan had
entered the war with a roar, bombed Pearl Harbor, got the Americans involved
and the Great War was on. As people died in the thousands and the entire world
was in disarray, the Japanese earned victory after victory, until the
mountains, lack of supplies and an inhospitable terrain stopped them at the Arakan
mountain range dividing British India on one side and the fallen British Burma
on the other, with not only the Japanese but the budding INA led by Subhas
Chandra Bose. The Naga and the Chin hills presented the armies some of the most
difficult jungles in which the allies had to fight a war, and prevent a potential
Japanese conquest into British India.
Why do I say potential? Because it was
not really in the plans, but on the other hand, the humiliated British did want
to take back Burma, Malaya and Singapore while the INA wanted to march into
India. The Japanese, in a veritable quandary were rethinking their strategy,
while cooling their burning heels in Rangoon, and taking their time. It was
this time which afforded the British to build up at the inhospitable border,
racked with monsoons, malaria and disease, and put together a few plans to
build roads leading into Burma, roads which could carry men and machinery,
weapons and tanks. Easier said than done, as you will soon see. Some would
wonder why such a network was being considered during wartime, and well, it was
because all movement was across the bay in ships until the war. During the war
the Bay of Bengal no longer afforded safe passage with the prospect of monsoon
winds and bad weather, air attacks, mines and submarines. So the bosses had to
resort to building a twisting, turning road which dropped into valleys, climbed
up mountains, ran past fjords and rivers over new bridges and would they hoped,
be all weather and not just fair weather.
It was in this inhospitable country that two platoons of
Malayalis, a third comprising Tamil and a fourth from Andhra, all in all four
platoons forming the 309 General purpose Transport Corps totaling to 450
recruits, literally broke their backs on, after arriving with a few hundred
badly designed and hurriedly constructed, 3 ton Canadian Ford trucks. Their
story is hardly known, and their efforts totally forgotten, but for the small
book written about them by their commander, the inimitable Major David Atkins. He
had a tough task, commanding a group of people who had no training, who had
seen no war and who had never been under command or orders. They spoke a mish
mash of six languages. David Atkins spoke two, English and Urdu (sparingly)
which again was foreign to the people he commanded. What could have transpired?
But before the formation of the 309th GPT, let’s
see how the situation was in Malabar and Travancore. As I wrote in a previous
article, the south was starting to suffer from the effects of a terrible
famine. Jobs were becoming scarce and many an able bodied person joined the
Indian army, for it was a source of food and some money. The political situation was bad, with the
heavy handed rule of Dewan Sir CP and all the other issues going on with
anticommunist moves, the Punnapra Vayalar uprising and so on. All in all, it
was a good idea to join the British Indian army and keep your stomach full and
have a steady income. As records were to show, some 160,000 people from
Travancore joined up either in the army or in labor battalions working in
Burma. Many of them were formally attached to the newly formed 309th
which was part of the RIASC or the Royal Indian Army Service Corps. They were
not really considered fighting material and were usually part of these labor
corps, responsible for the provisioning, procurement and distribution of food,
living supplies, fuel, munitions etc. to the forward units. All mechanical
transport (except at the front lines) and animal transport (mules, horses and
elephants to name a few) were the responsibility of the RIASC.
It was in these circumstances that our story starts.
Presumably Warrier joined up in the army even before the war, for we see that
from the outset, he was a JCO, a Jamedar. His boss, Staff Captain David Atkins
had just escaped dismissal by court martial, the dismissal being contended for
two very interesting reasons. The first was that he, in charge or the Army
supplies at Delhi had requisitioned 20 million bottles of Rum instead of 2
million (an act which was to later help the army in very distressing conditions).
The second was diverting all spare flour supplies to Karachi with the feeling
that the soldiers at the western front would needed them, when all of a sudden,
many military units had to be rushed to Assam to stave off a potential attack
by the Japanese who had taken Burma. To get the supplies diverted from Karachi to
Assam was going to be very difficult indeed and the army laid all the blame on
Atkins. But there was a shortage of officers, especially those who spoke Urdu
and so Atkins found himself promoted to Major instead and transferred out of
Delhi and ordered to head the 309th GPTC which was to be formed at Jhansi,
South of Delhi.
The events which transpired were to expose not only
Britain’s total unpreparedness for an attack from the East and a war on India’s
frontiers, but also its inability to
handle the difficulties and logistics in mounting a counterattack on the
inhospitable and terrible mountain jungles of Assam. That they prevailed in the
end was a combination of many acts of fate, some superb tales of valor,
individual grit and determination of many a soldier and their supporting units.
The Kohima and Imphal battles, the effects of disease and lack of supplies on
the Japanese, who got stranded on the mountains, fighting the British and the
issues they had with the INA units are all part of another story, this was a
period in 1942, well before the war heated up in those cold mountain jungles.
Many a story of valor has been written about those larger battles
on the Assam front, a few have been written about the miserable trek of the
Indians who fled Burma, but the story of the 309 GPTC is a rarity. The men so
slated to form this new company under Atkins were fresher’s from the South,
kind of irregular as they say, for most other companies had picked their men
from the Northern regions. Atkins who himself was new to the workings outside
an office, waiting for his new junior officers and men, was summoned to the
station to take charge of his 400 or so men who were asleep at the station. The
Punjabi VCO introduced the group as ‘a very bad sort – the Telugus are black and ugly, the Tamils obey, but they are smooth like
girls, but most of the men, sahib, are Malayali and they are very clever,
Sahib, but bad. Yes indeed, much bad! They have hit our colonel on his
illustrious head, they have chased the Subedar Sahib into his house, and they
have fought with the military police’.
A Marathi Havildar who was later put in charge of the two
Malayali platoons added that the ‘malayalis sit and make much talk, and that
they did not love the king emperor or the sahibs. After they had settled down,
the first of the rebellions had Atkins rush to mediate, over the food quality,
which as you can imagine, was not right for the Malayali, for he wanted rice
and not wheat rotis. The second was over the fact that some of the Punjabi officers
had tried to bugger some of the young Tamil recruits. Thus started the days of
the 309 Madrasi Company.
Atkins’s translator was one Havildar Kuttappan Nair, an NCO,
but soon two other Malayali VCO’s arrived, Jamadars Warrier and Koshy.
Gopalkrishna Warrier was a dark skinned, short man who Atkins states, looked
like a walking mushroom under his toupee, and was to later known as Mickey Mouse
for his large ears. Warrier was a joy to work with according to Atkins, but had
this disconcerting habit of quoting Shakespeare often. Understandably for an
Englishman, managing this group was tough, for example the Malayali platoon had
over 20 Krishnan’s and most names had initials. Atkins also found out soon that
the Malayali is a great lover of disputes, for disputes sake!
Training continued and it soon dawned that the company’s
responsibility was to get supplies to the rough Burmese front. The people from
the south could handle heat and humidity, but handling cold weather was going
to be testing, as they would all soon find out. Nevertheless, the men shaped up
and Warrier was to declare “They say best men, Sahib, are molded out of faults
and are better for being a bit bad”! They heard about the malaria and
mosquitoes, cholera and typhus in those north eastern jungles and were armed
only with mosquito screens constructed by themselves. Their orders were to pick
up 134 trucks or as the British called it, Lorries from Delhi and drive out to Agra,
then go by train to Calcutta and head to Guwahati in Assam.
There were interesting events such as the one when they
found one of the recruits had nice little breasts when everybody was stripped
waist up during a physical exam. It is perceived that the recruit was actually
a girl who had joined up, anyway he or she was quickly sent home.
The Lorries were beasts, and were fondly called green
elephants, and notoriously hard to drive, heavy to steer due to half of its weight
tilted up front, horrible gears and a lousy petrol system. Added to it, these
Ford 3 tonners made hurriedly in Canada for the war effort had underpowered
engines making them very difficult to handle. The green elephants actually proved
to be surly pigs and on top of it to be driven by men who had no idea about
driving, for the only powered vehicle they had been on had been a bullock cart.
But war is war and you learn on the field, as they say, and on the very day
when Gandhiji called on the British to Quit India, August 1942, the Lorries and
the Malayalis and Tamilians and Telugu platoons drove out of Delhi to protect
that same country, under the command of a British major.
Both my wife and I are fond of crème caramel, and many a
time, we found it prominently mentioned on all menus while traveling around
India. We never thought about it and it was while reading Atkins’s memoir that
I chanced on the tidbit that the pudding was part of every railway refreshment
room’s offering, perhaps concocted so by Spencer’s of madras. It appears that
for a cook to be certified good, he had to know how to make crème caramel to
the liking of his British boss! Atkins believed that this had been so for some
200-300 years! So now you know!
Atkins’s biggest challenge was teaching the soldiers driving
and how to wear a condom seeing how many of them quickly contracted VD. And
thus armed with this kind of important knowledge, the platoons trudged down to
Manipur road and on to Dimapur from where their adventures were to start. But
let me warn you, this is not a story of shooting or armed combat with slashing
sabers and whirling knives. It is a tale of work, hard work on a dirt track running
through a steep, rough, torturous and rugged jungle terrain. Their task was to
supply the teams building the road in front and preparing for large armies which
would come later to battle the Japanese and after victory in the plains, go on
to liberate Rangoon.
It was a tale of how officers learned to command, of
soldiers learning to obey, learning to drive and handle a beast of an
unserviceable truck, up and down a length of some 120 miles of terrible single
and double tracks and finally of making soldiers of themselves! The Burma
campaign was a low priority war for the British high command in London, for they
were more worried about losing Britain and the western fronts, and so the army
at Assam had to improvise and help itself most of the time. They had hardly any
medicine to fight the many diseases which would soon decimate everyone out on
the hills, friend or foe, British, Indian or Japanese, soldiers and refugees.
The trains with the trucks and men reached Manipur road.
Atkins found to his horror that there was no hospital, repair shops or anything
by way of support at this frontier post. And he heard about the rampant
malaria, caused by the feared anopheles mosquito, the characteristic of which
was that it rested with its butt in the air. In a matter of days, every single
person in his unit, except him were down with illness. All they could witness
was the dense jungle, rain and a steady stream of emaciated refugees arriving from
Burma. Many arrived and simply died at that entrance point into India. Atkins was
ordered to go from Dimapur to Kohima and on to Imphal with his Lorries and men.
You can imagine how tough it was when the daily distance covered was just 5 to
10 miles! Some Lorries went over the edge (over the khud as they termed it),
many had mechanical and fuel problems, most batteries were flat and so once
started with a spare, the truck had to be kept running the whole day!
As the drudgery and hard work continued, Warrier kept pestering
Atkins with questions on why a poet like Tennyson used words like jug-jug in
his poetry (Atkins brushed Warrier off saying English poets wrote no such thing).
How Warrier learnt and memorized this amount of diverse Elizabethan poetry is
mystery to me, but perhaps he was a student at the Travancore University, a
fact I really could not ascertain!
The terrain was unforgiving, the roads continued to be
tracks of slush which these trucks could not really handle and the health of
the drivers down to nothing. The Madrasi was less resistant to disease compared
to the Northern recruits, perhaps attributed to their eating polished rice
which held less vitamins, according to Atkins.
Atkins being born in India was somehow immune to malaria and
was the only one in the platoon who did not fall sick. The quinine stocks had
been depleted, for they were coming from Malaya, which was in Japanese hands
and that meant everybody contracted the fever. During his days of despair and
anger, he took to observing his people and some of his jottings would not be
alien to us even today – Look at this classic example. The Madrasi soldier when sick had a disconcerting habit, he pulled his
shirt out and left it flapping and wrapped a rag around their head! He
noticed that they too slowly picked up Pidgin English and Urdu as days went by,
with more and more sick personnel shivering and groaning, and Warrier quoting
Keats grandly ‘the weariness, the fever and the fret, here where men sit and
hear each other groan.’ They struggled to drive the three tonners, having no
strength left with malaria bouts every 5-7 hours and no medicines even invented
to treat it, so it was just a matter of suffering till it went away. Everybody
was sick, looking like bags of bones, tempers ran high and it was an absolute
disaster, with nothing got done. But they soldiered on, while the high command
complained about the 309 GPTC’s lack of pace and results. Nobody had time to
listen to complaints about the trucks, lack of spares or repair shops, lack of
experience and so on and a funny facts that only 3-4 out of the 450 men had a watch!
It appears many officers were to remember and comment on
this Madrasi unit which stood out for its ‘strange looking’ people and the
ghastly green steel Ford 3 tonners. Their problem was that the other companies were
issued with long nosed Chevrolets with twin headlights. These were better
vehicles which handled well and so the frequent comparison between the Madrasi
unit driving Fords and the others driving Chevys always resulted in the former being
branded as the losers. But soon enough the Chevy drivers were also bogged down
with malaria.
Many a truck went over the ‘khud’ as they ferried goods and
men back and forth. The Malayali, Tamil and Telugu driver stuck to their task
and held on to the steering wheel for dear life as the Fords sometimes spun off
the road and teetered on its edge. The lone headlight on the Fords reduced to a
slit produced no light and trucks drove bonnet to boot (actually there was no
boot, they were mostly tarpaulin covered backs behind the cabin). The road was
dotted with broken down green Ford Lorries and many remembered the sight.
Atkins was castigated often by his superiors, but nobody understood his problem
with the horribly designed trucks and lack of medicines to fight malaria which
every single one in his platoon suffered. Nevertheless, they soldiered on or
more correctly, drove on, back and forth.
Dec 1942, the Lorries were directed to the Tedim track. The
6,000 odd men who worked on the road construction cut through the jungles and
rock at the rate of 1 mile a day. Mohan Singh was the first JCO to die, owing
to rash driving after an argument with Atkins. It was tragic, for in fact
Atkins had just the previous week sent recommendation letters promoting Mohan
Singh and Warrier. A few days later, Warrier was also dead, at Milestone 48
when he hitched a lift on another truck after his 3 tonner had broken down.
That 15 cwt truck he was on, flipped over at a turn and Warrier was crushed in
it. In five terrible and difficult months at the border, his life had been laid
to waste.
Only Atkins remembered him. Jemadar Warrier was a fine officer,
a jolly man and above all he was Atkin’s friend, so concluded Atkins as he ended
his book, and forlornly packed up Warrier’s belongings to be shipped back to his
parents Quilon. I think he was buried at the Rangoon war memorial cemetery, or not, at least his name is mentioned.
Most people do not get the point that at no time was India to become a base for any kind of military operations. While the
Americans used the Assam bases to build the Ledo road to China, it was only the
Japanese entry into Singapore, Malaya and Burma which forced the British to
make new plans in 1942. There was no war infrastructure in place such as roads,
trucks or transport trains. All of these had to be hurriedly imported and that
is how these Ford & Chevy trucks as well as Jeeps landed up in India and
how inexperienced people were put on the supply corps. On top of all that,
these chaotic years were compounded by famine in Bengal and Malabar, Travancore,
a subject I partly covered earlier.
There were two journalists who
reported later on, during the actual war from that front, and one of them was
the great man PRS Mani who wrote about the bravery of Dr Goplakrishnan of Calicut,
Havildar Ravunni Nayar, Yakub from Malabar and Kuttiya Pillai.
There were 10 transport companies and 1,200 Lorries on that
front. 309th was one of them and of the 1,200, only 120 lorries
plied the 120 mile track at any given time due to disease and mechanical and
support issues. Supplies never got to the fronts in time and many fighting
units were recalled. Malaria abated, The Dimapur project was scrapped and a new
strategy to build a proper Tedim road was now formed. This ‘forgotten army’ as
it was called, forged on, without enough tools or support, this was warfare as
it really is at its worst, confusion, lack of clear directives, sickness and
danger
The records at the Rangoon memorial state starkly ; THEY DIED FOR ALL FREE MEN
GOPALA KRISHNA WARRIER, Jemadar, M, 17185/IO. 309 G.P.
Transport Coy. Royal Indian Army Service Corps. Died 14th January 1943. Age 22.
Son of K. Madhava Warrier and K. Subhadra Amma, of East Kallada, Quilon, India…
I tried to track down the family of Warrier, but nobody in
East Kallada seems to remember them. Atkins, Koshy and Kuttappan Nair continued
on with new duties after the Dimapur buildup was scrapped. Their story is
continued in a sequel to the first book and their next task was the Tedim road
construction. I will cover all that when I write about the rest, looking from
the other side, from Burma.
References
The Reluctant Major – David Atkins
The Forgotten Major – David Atkins
Military economies, culture and in logistics the Burma
campaign 1942-1945 - Graham Dunlop
Tedim Road—The Strategic Road on a
Frontier: A Historical Analysis - Pum Khan Pau
Notes
I tried to find an answer to Warrier’s question and did.
In fact Thomas Nash did write - Cold doth not sting, the
pretty birds do sing: Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!
A definition of the term Jug-jug goes thus -Jug Jug' can
sound like sound without meaning, nonsense syllables; or 'in Elizabethan
poetry' it can be, in Southam's words, 'a way of representing bird-song', or,
alternatively, 'a crude joking reference to sexual intercourse'."
According to Gareth reeves, jug jug could be an approximation of wordlessness,
a sound without meaning.
Hope JCO Warrier up there reading this, is contended…..
Pics
Burma border
pic Courtesy – Burma star association, Ford truck Google pics (thanks to the
unidentified owner)
